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Back Months

Definition of Back Months

“Back months” is used to refer to futures contracts that have a delivery date that’s due far into the future. Back months is generally known to be a popular term in commodity trading.

Related Terms

Cash Market

A cash market is a place where assets, goods, and services are bought and sold on the spot. That’s why it is also known as the “spot market”.

A stock market exchange like NSE or BSE is an example of a cash market as trades are settled on the spot at the spot price. Derivatives like futures are not a part of the cash market are trades are settled in the future.

Commodity Exchange

A commodity exchange is a marketplace where commodities and related derivative contracts are standardized and traded. The commodity exchange can be split into these sub-markets:

  • Derivatives market: this is where commodity exchanges allow futures, options, forwards, and other derivatives to be traded
  • Spot market: this is where commodity exchanges allow buying and selling of commodities in real-time (on the spot), including cash contracts

In India, there are 4 commodity exchanges that are popular and widely turned to:

  • Indian Commodity Exchange (ICEX)
  • Multi Commodity Exchange of India (MCX)
  • National Commodity & Derivatives Exchange Limited (NCDEX)
  • National Multi Commodity Exchange of India (NMCX)

Within these exchanges, the most commonly traded commodities include:

  • Crude oil
  • Coffee
  • Corn
  • Cotton
  • Gold
  • Natural gas
  • Silver
  • Sugar
  • Wheat

Fair Value

The fair value of a stock, product, or service is the price at which the buyer and seller willingly agree on without being on the losing end of the deal. Think of fair value as a win-win situation for both parties, assuming that all conditions are normal.

Say Mr. Apple is offered to buy shares of Mr. Orange’s company at Rs. 1000 per share. Mr. Apple evaluates the business and figures out that he can sell the same shares for Rs. 1200, even though Mr. Orange is content to sell the shares at Rs. 200 lower. Both parties agree on the deal at Rs. 1000 because both view it as a good deal.

The formula for the fair value of a stock or index is:

Fair Value = Cash * { 1 + r (X / 360)} - D

Where,

Cash = Latest stock or index value

r = interest rate on purchase

x = number of days to contract expiry

Dividend = Dividends

The definition of fair value is slightly different in the futures market. In the futures market, the fair value is reached when the supply meets the demand, which simply means that the spot price is equal to the futures contractprice.

However, due to inherent volatility of the markets, the price of a futures contract is known to fluctuate around the fair value of a stock or index. Thus, in the fair value in the context of futures is what the price of the contract should be, given the value of the stock or index, dividends, and others.

Dividend Stocks

Dividend stocks are shares of companies that redistribute their profits to shareholders in the form of dividends. Such companies are typically industry or sector leaders with stellar reputations and track records.

How much dividend a company offers can be calculated with the dividend yield ratio or dividend per share.

Investors prefer to buy dividend stocks because they can either reinvest the dividends to buy more shares or earn passive income. Examples of dividend stocks in India include:

  • Coal India
  • Indian Oil Corporation (IOC)
  • ONGC
  • SAIL
  • Tata Steel

Debt To Equity Ratio

The debt to equity ratio is a measure of a company’s financial health that’s calculated by dividing liabilities from shareholder equity.

Debt to equity ratio: Total liabilities / Shareholder equity

A high debt to equity ratio means that a company is taking on more debt to run its business. A low debt to equity ratio means that a company is operating at low debt.

That’s why investors calculate the D/E ratio to understand a company’s ability to operate without debt. Generally, D/E is used for comparative analysis within sectors, not across industries because the ideal debt ratio may vary.

Filing

Fililng is the process of submitting important information and documents to SEBI before an Initial Public Offer (IPO). This term is commonly used when a company submits a Draft Offer Document, Draft Red Herring Prospectus (DRHP), and Final Offer Documents in order to go public.

The process of filing any document with SEBI before an IPO is done to ensure that a company is completely compliant and transparent. That’s how SEBI ensures that public investors can make informed decisions. Thus, filing is a crucial step in the IPO process.



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