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Finance Glossary
Finance Glossary

Finance Glossary

Power-up your financial vocabulary with key finance terms and concepts

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All Stock Market Definitions Simplified for You!



Bought Out Deal

A bought-out deal is a stock offering where an investment bank buys the entire issue of shares from a company. In turn, the investment bank will attempt to sell the shares to other investors. A deal of this kind has two benefits:

  • The company need not worry about subscription as the investment bank will purchase the entire offering
  • The investment bank can negotiate with the company and get the shares at a discount

That said, there are risks to a bought out deal like:

  • It is up to the investment bank to sell the shares to investors in order to recoup the principal or make a profit
  • The investment bank also runs the risk of receiving no interest in the shares from other investors
  • Guarantee purchase

If the issue size of the bought-out deal is large enough, the investment bank may team up with others to fulfil the purchase.

CANSLIM

CANSLIM is an acronym for a seven-step strategy to pick growth stocks by combining fundamental and technical analysis. Here’s the full form of CANSLIM:

  • Current quarterly Earnings Per Share (EPS): compare this fundamental indicator with the same figure from the previous quarter. If the figure grows (by 20% or more as a rule of thumb), the company is fundamentally strong.

  • Annual earnings: Compare this fundamental indicator from the previous years. If there’s year-on-year growth, the company is fundamentally strong. If the year-on-year growth is by 20-25%, even better.

  • New product or service: strong companies continue to innovate. That’s what this letter is about - checking if the company is continuously launching new products, services, or holding events.

  • Supply: a fundamentally strong business should have a good supply and demand when it comes to its goods, services, and stock. Executive supply of shares may reduce the value of the company - that’s why it should always be scarce in supply.

  • Leader: the company should be a leader in its own right, either in or across industries.

  • Institutional holding: a valuable company will have higher institutional ownership, the percentage of which should always be tracked.

  • Market trend: an investor must check whether the company or stock is going or against the trend by comparing it to broader indices.

Commodity Exchange

A commodity exchange is a marketplace where commodities and related derivative contracts are standardized and traded. The commodity exchange can be split into these sub-markets:

  • Derivatives market: this is where commodity exchanges allow futures, options, forwards, and other derivatives to be traded
  • Spot market: this is where commodity exchanges allow buying and selling of commodities in real-time (on the spot), including cash contracts

In India, there are 4 commodity exchanges that are popular and widely turned to:

  • Indian Commodity Exchange (ICEX)
  • Multi Commodity Exchange of India (MCX)
  • National Commodity & Derivatives Exchange Limited (NCDEX)
  • National Multi Commodity Exchange of India (NMCX)

Within these exchanges, the most commonly traded commodities include:

  • Crude oil
  • Coffee
  • Corn
  • Cotton
  • Gold
  • Natural gas
  • Silver
  • Sugar
  • Wheat

Fair Value

The fair value of a stock, product, or service is the price at which the buyer and seller willingly agree on without being on the losing end of the deal. Think of fair value as a win-win situation for both parties, assuming that all conditions are normal.

Say Mr. Apple is offered to buy shares of Mr. Orange’s company at Rs. 1000 per share. Mr. Apple evaluates the business and figures out that he can sell the same shares for Rs. 1200, even though Mr. Orange is content to sell the shares at Rs. 200 lower. Both parties agree on the deal at Rs. 1000 because both view it as a good deal.

The formula for the fair value of a stock or index is:

Fair Value = Cash * { 1 + r (X / 360)} - D

Where,

Cash = Latest stock or index value

r = interest rate on purchase

x = number of days to contract expiry

Dividend = Dividends

The definition of fair value is slightly different in the futures market. In the futures market, the fair value is reached when the supply meets the demand, which simply means that the spot price is equal to the futures contractprice.

However, due to inherent volatility of the markets, the price of a futures contract is known to fluctuate around the fair value of a stock or index. Thus, in the fair value in the context of futures is what the price of the contract should be, given the value of the stock or index, dividends, and others.

Fixed Income Securities

Fixed Income Securities are issued in exchange for a loan and offer returns to investors in the form of a fixed interest rate. That’s why they are referred to as “fixed income” securities. The common types of fixed income securities are: Firm Allotment is the process of allocating shares during an IPO to investors who are not considered to be retail public investors. The firm allotment is done as per SEBI guidelines, which dictate that a portion of the IPO can be allocated to the likes of Mutual Funds, regular employees (permanent), and others.

  • Certificates of Deposit
  • Corporate Bonds
  • Municipal Bonds
  • Treasury Bonds
  • Treasury Bills

Such securities fall under the category of debt instruments, which means they do not give investors equity shares or ownership in the company but only a promise of returning the principal with interest on maturity.

Often referred to as the coupon rate, the interest on a fixed income security is determined by the creditworthiness of the issuing company or entity as well as the latest interest rate set by the government.

Fixed income securities also confer seniority of claim to investors, which means that the investors who’ve helped finance the loan will receive their money first in the event a company is liquidated.

Flipping

Flipping is the act of buying and selling an asset quickly to make a profit. The term is commonly used in real estate where an investor buys a property and sells it within a short span of time, say days or weeks, to make a quick buck.

The real estate investor may flip the property after making small improvements to it, thereby increasing the chance of making potentially lucrative returns. Flipping is also a term used to describe an investor’s actions during an IPO.

For example, let’s assume Mr. Apple invests in the IPO of Juice & Co. and intends to sell the shares days or weeks after the company’s stock is available on the secondary market.

The stock soars on the first day of listing, right at the opening bell, and Mr. Apple sells. In such a case, Mr. Apple will have earned potential profits by flipping IPO shares.

Forex Futures Trading

Forex futures trading is the buying and selling of exchange-traded futures contracts for currency pairs . A forex futures contract gives the holder the right and the obligation to buy or sell a pair of currencies at a predetermined price and date. The important components of forex futures trading include:

  • Forex pair: the currency you will buy in exchange of the other at the end of the futures contract
  • Lot size: the value of the currency included in the contract
  • Contract price: the price at which the futures contract is trading
  • Spot price: the latest forex rate for the currency pair, different from the contract price
  • Margin: the amount of money you’re required to deposit with your currency trading platform
  • Tick size: the minimum amount by which a forex futures contract can move, which is Rs. 0.0025 in India
  • Expiration date: the preagreed day on which the contract must be excercised or squared off

Forex futures trading in India is possible through three exchanges: NSE, BSE, and MSE. The forex futures contracts are standardized derivatives that can be traded between 9.00 AM to 7.30 PM. Forex futures in India are cash settled, meaning profits or losses are settled in INR while the base currency is not delivered.

Go Public

To “go public” or going public means to get listed on the stock market by launching an Initial Public Offering (IPO). The act of going public involves receiving approval from existing stakeholders to launch an IPO, the price of which is decided by two methods:


Once the price of the IPO is decided, the shares are offered to the public on the primary market. Not everyone who applies to an IPO may get shares - the system works on the basis of allotment. After the shares are issued, the company is said to move from the “go public” stage to the publicly traded company stage.

Hammer Candlestick Pattern

A Hammer Candlestick pattern occurs when a stock, commodity, or currency opens much lower than its previous closing price but moves close to or above the the same price at the close. The pattern looks like a hammer, hence the name “Hammer Candlestick”.

The candlestick can be read as follows:

  • The main body shows the difference between the financial security’s opening and closing price.
  • The wick (shadow) of the candlestick shows the high and low prices of the security for the day.


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We are bullish on India, we are bullish on India's prospects to be one of the largest economies in the world. We believe that the stock market provides a unique opportunity for all of India's traders and investors to participate in the growth story of the country.

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Disclaimer: Investment in the securities market are subject to market risks, read all the related documents carefully before investing. Brokerage will not exceed the SEBI prescribed limit


Attention investors:

  1. Stock brokers can accept securities as margins from clients only by way of pledge in the depository system w.e.f September 01, 2020.
  2. Update your e-mail and phone number with your stock broker / depository participant and receive OTP directly from depository on your e-mail and/or mobile number to create pledge.
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Note: As a policy we do not give stock tips or recommendations and have not authorized anyone to give this on behalf of us. If you know anyone claiming to be a part of Dhan / Moneylicious / Raise or our associate companies or partners and offering such services, please report us on help@dhan.co. Important Information for Investors: To prevent unauthorized transactions in your trading / demat account, do not share your account details, credentials or any personal details with anyone. Keep your mobile number updated with your Stock Broker, Depository Participant and ensure that the same is registered with Stock Exchanges, Depository and KRAs. You will receive alerts and information on your registered mobile number / email for debit and other important transactions in your demat account directly from CDSL / Exchange on the same day. KYC is one time exercise while dealing in securities markets - once KYC is done through a SEBI registered intermediary (Stock Broker, DP, Mutual Fund, etc.), you need not undergo the same process again when you approach another intermediary. No need to issue cheques by investors while subscribing to IPO. Just write the bank account number and sign in the application form to authorise your bank to make payment in case of allotment. No worries for refund as the money remains in investor's account. This is issued in the interest of investors.


Moneylicious Securities Private Limited also known as Dhan is only an order collection platform that collects orders on behalf of clients and places them on BSE StarMF for execution. Client expressly agrees that Dhan is not liable or responsible and does not represent or warrant any damages regarding non- execution of orders or any incorrect execution of orders with regard to the funds chosen by the client or due to, but not being limited to, any link/system failure, delay in transfer of the funds on account of any unforeseen circumstances/issues in the banking system/payment aggregators or any other problems that may result in a delay in crediting the funds into the BSE Star MF's bank account.


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