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Finance GlossaryBond Market
Bond Market
Definition of Bond Market
A bond market is a place where bonds are issued, bought, and sold. Bonds are issued in exchange for a loan generally by governments and corporations.
Related Terms
High Beta Stocks
High Beta stocks are shares that outperform the market in terms of returns but carry high risk. Such shares are called “High Beta” because of their significantly high Beta Coeffient value, which measures the correlation of a stock and the market. A Beta value on the high side typically indicates more volatility and the potential for higher returns.
Lump Sum
Lump sum refers to a one-time, single payment made in a single installment, as opposed to a series of smaller periodic payments. It commonly refers to a large sum of money paid at once, like a mutual fund investment or a share market investment, rather than spread out over multiple payments like SIPs.
Indices
Indices are a collection of financial instruments that measure the performance of those very instruments.
For example, stock market indices like Nifty 50 and Sensex measure the top 50 and 30 stocks by market capitalization.
If indices go up, it generally means that the underlying stocks are performing well. The opposite is true when indices plummet.
By the way, there’s no limit to how many instruments an index can track. The Nifty Smallcap 250 tracks 250 stocks whereas Nifty Bank tracks 12 stocks.
For example, stock market indices like Nifty 50 and Sensex measure the top 50 and 30 stocks by market capitalization.
If indices go up, it generally means that the underlying stocks are performing well. The opposite is true when indices plummet.
By the way, there’s no limit to how many instruments an index can track. The Nifty Smallcap 250 tracks 250 stocks whereas Nifty Bank tracks 12 stocks.
Fair Value
The fair value of a stock, product, or service is the price at which the buyer and seller willingly agree on without being on the losing end of the deal. Think of fair value as a win-win situation for both parties, assuming that all conditions are normal.
Say Mr. Apple is offered to buy shares of Mr. Orange’s company at Rs. 1000 per share. Mr. Apple evaluates the business and figures out that he can sell the same shares for Rs. 1200, even though Mr. Orange is content to sell the shares at Rs. 200 lower. Both parties agree on the deal at Rs. 1000 because both view it as a good deal.
The formula for the fair value of a stock or index is:
Fair Value = Cash * { 1 + r (X / 360)} - D
Where,
Cash = Latest stock or index value
r = interest rate on purchase
x = number of days to contract expiry
Dividend = Dividends
The definition of fair value is slightly different in the futures market. In the futures market, the fair value is reached when the supply meets the demand, which simply means that the spot price is equal to the futures contractprice.
However, due to inherent volatility of the markets, the price of a futures contract is known to fluctuate around the fair value of a stock or index. Thus, in the fair value in the context of futures is what the price of the contract should be, given the value of the stock or index, dividends, and others.
Say Mr. Apple is offered to buy shares of Mr. Orange’s company at Rs. 1000 per share. Mr. Apple evaluates the business and figures out that he can sell the same shares for Rs. 1200, even though Mr. Orange is content to sell the shares at Rs. 200 lower. Both parties agree on the deal at Rs. 1000 because both view it as a good deal.
The formula for the fair value of a stock or index is:
Fair Value = Cash * { 1 + r (X / 360)} - D
Where,
Cash = Latest stock or index value
r = interest rate on purchase
x = number of days to contract expiry
Dividend = Dividends
The definition of fair value is slightly different in the futures market. In the futures market, the fair value is reached when the supply meets the demand, which simply means that the spot price is equal to the futures contractprice.
However, due to inherent volatility of the markets, the price of a futures contract is known to fluctuate around the fair value of a stock or index. Thus, in the fair value in the context of futures is what the price of the contract should be, given the value of the stock or index, dividends, and others.
EBITDA MARGIN
EBITDA margin is the ratio of Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization (EBITDA) by revenue, represented as a percentage. It is used to understand whether a company is profitable and as a valuation technique.
The formula to calculate EBITDA margin is: EBITDA Margin = (EBITDA/Revenue)*100
Just like EBITDA, the EBITDA margin also excludes non-cash expenses. That’s why a positive EBITDA margin doesn’t necessarily mean that a company is profitable.
The formula to calculate EBITDA margin is: EBITDA Margin = (EBITDA/Revenue)*100
Just like EBITDA, the EBITDA margin also excludes non-cash expenses. That’s why a positive EBITDA margin doesn’t necessarily mean that a company is profitable.
Candlesticks
Candlesticks are technical charts used in trading to understand price movements. A candlestick chart will show the following information:
There are three components to a call option:
- High (for the period)
- Low (for the period)
- Open price
-
Closing price
The main body of the candle will be green if the closing price is higher than the opening price and red if the closing price is lower than the opening price.
Long green candles mean more investors and traders want to buy a stock. Long red candles mean more investors and traders want to exit a stock.
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