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Finance GlossaryFixed Income Securities
Fixed Income Securities
Definition of Fixed Income Securities
Fixed Income Securities are issued in exchange for a loan and offer returns to investors in the form of a fixed interest rate. That’s why they are referred to as “fixed income” securities. The common types of fixed income securities are: Firm Allotment is the process of allocating shares during an IPO to investors who are not considered to be retail public investors. The firm allotment is done as per SEBI guidelines, which dictate that a portion of the IPO can be allocated to the likes of Mutual Funds, regular employees (permanent), and others.
- Certificates of Deposit
- Corporate Bonds
- Municipal Bonds
- Treasury Bonds
- Treasury Bills
Such securities fall under the category of debt instruments, which means they do not give investors equity shares or ownership in the company but only a promise of returning the principal with interest on maturity.
Often referred to as the coupon rate, the interest on a fixed income security is determined by the creditworthiness of the issuing company or entity as well as the latest interest rate set by the government.
Fixed income securities also confer seniority of claim to investors, which means that the investors who’ve helped finance the loan will receive their money first in the event a company is liquidated.
Related Terms
Cheapest To Deliver
Cheapest to deliver (CTD) refers to the cheapest or lowest priced security in a futures contract that a seller can deliver to a buyer who holds a long position.
Here’s the formula to calculate the cheapest security that can be delivered:
- Short position: Current price of security + accrued interest
- Long position: Settlement price x conversion factor + accrued interest
Foreign Direct Investment
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is the act of acquiring a majority stake in a company located in a different country with the intention of assisting, growing, and managing the business.
FDIs and FPIs may seem similar but there is a major difference - lasting interest. When a company or investor obtains at least 10% control of foreign company with the intention of actively managing the business, it’s known as lasting interest.
A company that establishes a subsidiary in another country can also be classified as FDI. FDIs can also be made through mergers and acquisitions as well as collaborations with foreign companies
FDIs and FPIs may seem similar but there is a major difference - lasting interest. When a company or investor obtains at least 10% control of foreign company with the intention of actively managing the business, it’s known as lasting interest.
A company that establishes a subsidiary in another country can also be classified as FDI. FDIs can also be made through mergers and acquisitions as well as collaborations with foreign companies
Exponential Moving Average
Exponential Moving Average (EMA) is a technical indicator used to follow price trends over a specific period of time. EMA assigns more weight to recent prices than older prices. The formula to calculate EMA is:
Exponential Moving Average = (K x (CP - PP)) + PP
C: Current Price of stock, currency, commodity, etc. P: The EMA of preceding periods K: Exponential smoothing constant
A Simple Moving Average (SMA) is used to calculate the value of the first period. Furthermore, the EMA can be used to identify support and resistance areas. However, it may not be optimal for identifying precise entry and exit points.
Exponential Moving Average = (K x (CP - PP)) + PP
C: Current Price of stock, currency, commodity, etc. P: The EMA of preceding periods K: Exponential smoothing constant
A Simple Moving Average (SMA) is used to calculate the value of the first period. Furthermore, the EMA can be used to identify support and resistance areas. However, it may not be optimal for identifying precise entry and exit points.
Bombay Stock Exchange
Established in 1875, Bombay Stock Exchange or simply BSE is a place where stockbrokers and traders can buy and sell securities like stocks, bonds, ETFs, and more. 5000+ securities are listed on BSE, which is the oldest stock exchange in India and Asia.
Differential Voting Rights
Differential Voting Rights or DVRs are special types of shares that carry more or less voting rights, depending on the issuing company. For example, a DVR share that carries less than usual voting rights may generate relatively high dividends.
A publicly traded company that wants to issue DVR shares must go through a postal ballot. There are other caveats as well. But broadly speaking, a company must have a healthy finanical track record if they want to issue DVR shares.
A publicly traded company that wants to issue DVR shares must go through a postal ballot. There are other caveats as well. But broadly speaking, a company must have a healthy finanical track record if they want to issue DVR shares.
Beta Stocks
Beta of stocks measures the risk that the shares carry compared to the broader market. Theoretically, the market is said to have a default Beta of 1. As a result, Beta stocks can be of four types:
- High Beta Stocks : typically having a Beta value of more than 1, these stocks are known to be high-risk, high-reward investments
- Low Beta Stocks : typically having a Beta value of less than 1, these stocks are known to be low-risk, low-reward investments
- Negative Beta Stocks : typically having a Beta value of less than zero, these stocks are known to have an inverse correlation with the market
- Same as the market : typically having a Beta that’s equal to 1, these stocks are known to share characteristics with the market
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