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Finance GlossaryGovernment Bonds
Government Bonds
Definition of Government Bonds
Government bonds are debt instruments that allow the central banks to raise capital to finance operations. The types of government bonds are:
- Treasury Bills
- Fixed Rate Bonds
- Floating Rate Bonds
- State Development Loans
- Sovereign Gold Bonds
- Zero Coupon Bonds
Every government bond has a credit rating that’s based on the financial health of the country. The government is the apex institution of any country, which is why their credit rating is the high.
In India, you’ll notice government bonds with the credit rating SOV. This is known as a sovereign rating.
In India, you’ll notice government bonds with the credit rating SOV. This is known as a sovereign rating.
Related Terms
Bull Market
Bull market is a positive trend in the stock market where price of shares increase by 20% or more after falling by 20%. Investors may say they’re bullish or expect a bull market to arrive when they believe that there will be prolonged periods of increase in the stock market.
EBITDA
EBITDA is short for Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization. EBITDA allows investors to understand cash flow from all operations while excluding certain non-cash expenses related to interest, depreciation, amortization, and taxes.
That’s why investors use EBITDA as a valuation technique to determine the profitability of a company. Interestingly, EBITDA is a variation of operating income which is known as EBIT.
While there are many ways to calculate EBITDA, the most common methods include:
1) EBITDA = Net Income + Taxes + Interest + Depreciation + Amortization 2) EBITDA = Operating Income + Depreciation & Amortization
That’s why investors use EBITDA as a valuation technique to determine the profitability of a company. Interestingly, EBITDA is a variation of operating income which is known as EBIT.
While there are many ways to calculate EBITDA, the most common methods include:
1) EBITDA = Net Income + Taxes + Interest + Depreciation + Amortization 2) EBITDA = Operating Income + Depreciation & Amortization
Profit Taking
Profit-taking is the process of selling an investment that has increased in value to realise the profits. It is when an investor feels the price of an asset has peaked or is likely to reverse its trend, and that's when they would close their position. While a natural part of the investment cycle, widespread profit-taking can cause a temporary or sustained decline in the price of a security.
Price Discovery
Price discovery is the process of determining the market price of an asset or security. It is a continuous, dynamic process that is driven by many factors such as supply and demand, investor sentiment, macroeconomic news, company-specific information, and market liquidity. In efficient markets, the forces of buying and selling naturally converge to establish a fair and current market price.
Market Capitalization
Market Capitalization (or Market Cap) is the total value of a company in the stock market. It is calculated by multiplying the total number of outstanding shares by the current share price. For example, if a company has 1 crore shares priced at ₹100, its market capitalisation is ₹100 crore.
Risk-Free Rate of Return
The Risk-Free Rate of Return is the return an investor can expect with almost no risk. Usually, such returns come from government securities like Treasury bills. These assets come with minimal risk of defaulting. The risk-free rate of return serves as a standard based on which other investments are evaluated. Any additional return expected is the compensation for taking additional risk.
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