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Finance GlossaryOption Chain
Option Chain
Definition of Option Chain
An Option Chain is the complete list of all the options contracts, both calls and puts, for a given underlying security, across a wide range of expiration dates and strike prices. It shows real-time data of bid price and ask price, trading volume, and open interest for each contract. Traders use the option chain to analyse market depth and identify where the most trading activity is concentrated (often suggesting potential support and resistance levels).
Related Terms
Commodity
A commodity refers to physical goods and raw materials like aluminium, cotton, copper, sugar, steel, zinc, and others. Commodities are an essential part of the day-to-day life of individuals, companies, and industries.
But they can’t be traded like stocks in India. Instead, a commodity trader will enter into either of these three contracts to secure commodities or benefit from its price fluctuations:
But they can’t be traded like stocks in India. Instead, a commodity trader will enter into either of these three contracts to secure commodities or benefit from its price fluctuations:
- Futures contracts
- Options contracts
-
Cash contracts
These derivative contracts are traded on commodity exchanges in India like:
- Indian Commodity Exchange (ICEX)
- Multi Commodity Exchange of India (MCX)
- National Commodity & Derivatives Exchange Limited (NCDEX)
- National Multi Commodity Exchange of India (NMCX)
P/E Ratio (Trailing)
The Trailing Price-to-Earnings (Trailing P/E) Ratio is the most common version of the P/E ratio, where the historical earnings of the company are used to calculate it. It compares the current stock price to the actual earnings per share (EPS) over the last four quarters (12 months) of the company. The formula for this is: Trailing P/E = Current Share Price / EPS for the last 12 months. Trailing P/E is based on concrete, reported financial results and is therefore reliable for historical comparison, but may not fully reflect a company's current or future prospects.
Future Trading
Futures trading is the buying and selling of futures contracts on a recognized exchange or over the counter. Futures contracts are derivatives that oblige a trader to buy or sell the underlying security at a predetermined price and date.
Trading futures is possible for equity shares, commodities, currencies, as well as interest rates. Those who trade futures are generally classified as speculators or hedgers.
Speculators trade futures to make a profit. Hedgers delve into futures trading to manage risk, which simply means protecting themselves from unfavorable movements in the market.
Trading futures is possible for equity shares, commodities, currencies, as well as interest rates. Those who trade futures are generally classified as speculators or hedgers.
Speculators trade futures to make a profit. Hedgers delve into futures trading to manage risk, which simply means protecting themselves from unfavorable movements in the market.
Debt To Equity Ratio
The debt to equity ratio is a measure of a company’s financial health that’s calculated by dividing liabilities from shareholder equity.
Debt to equity ratio: Total liabilities / Shareholder equity
A high debt to equity ratio means that a company is taking on more debt to run its business. A low debt to equity ratio means that a company is operating at low debt.
That’s why investors calculate the D/E ratio to understand a company’s ability to operate without debt. Generally, D/E is used for comparative analysis within sectors, not across industries because the ideal debt ratio may vary.
Debt to equity ratio: Total liabilities / Shareholder equity
A high debt to equity ratio means that a company is taking on more debt to run its business. A low debt to equity ratio means that a company is operating at low debt.
That’s why investors calculate the D/E ratio to understand a company’s ability to operate without debt. Generally, D/E is used for comparative analysis within sectors, not across industries because the ideal debt ratio may vary.
Fair Value
The fair value of a stock, product, or service is the price at which the buyer and seller willingly agree on without being on the losing end of the deal. Think of fair value as a win-win situation for both parties, assuming that all conditions are normal.
Say Mr. Apple is offered to buy shares of Mr. Orange’s company at Rs. 1000 per share. Mr. Apple evaluates the business and figures out that he can sell the same shares for Rs. 1200, even though Mr. Orange is content to sell the shares at Rs. 200 lower. Both parties agree on the deal at Rs. 1000 because both view it as a good deal.
The formula for the fair value of a stock or index is:
Fair Value = Cash * { 1 + r (X / 360)} - D
Where,
Cash = Latest stock or index value
r = interest rate on purchase
x = number of days to contract expiry
Dividend = Dividends
The definition of fair value is slightly different in the futures market. In the futures market, the fair value is reached when the supply meets the demand, which simply means that the spot price is equal to the futures contractprice.
However, due to inherent volatility of the markets, the price of a futures contract is known to fluctuate around the fair value of a stock or index. Thus, in the fair value in the context of futures is what the price of the contract should be, given the value of the stock or index, dividends, and others.
Say Mr. Apple is offered to buy shares of Mr. Orange’s company at Rs. 1000 per share. Mr. Apple evaluates the business and figures out that he can sell the same shares for Rs. 1200, even though Mr. Orange is content to sell the shares at Rs. 200 lower. Both parties agree on the deal at Rs. 1000 because both view it as a good deal.
The formula for the fair value of a stock or index is:
Fair Value = Cash * { 1 + r (X / 360)} - D
Where,
Cash = Latest stock or index value
r = interest rate on purchase
x = number of days to contract expiry
Dividend = Dividends
The definition of fair value is slightly different in the futures market. In the futures market, the fair value is reached when the supply meets the demand, which simply means that the spot price is equal to the futures contractprice.
However, due to inherent volatility of the markets, the price of a futures contract is known to fluctuate around the fair value of a stock or index. Thus, in the fair value in the context of futures is what the price of the contract should be, given the value of the stock or index, dividends, and others.
Interest Coverage Ratio
Interest Coverage Ratio (ICR) is used to determine the likelihood of a company’s ability to pay interest on existing outstanding debt. A low ICR typically indicates that a company is less likely to pay interest.
In fact, it indicates that the company may be heading towards bankruptcy. A higher ICR means that a company’s financial health is solid and more than likely to pay interest on existing outstanding debt.
In fact, it indicates that the company may be heading towards bankruptcy. A higher ICR means that a company’s financial health is solid and more than likely to pay interest on existing outstanding debt.
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